Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Consumer behavior - Essay ExampleBargh (2002) explains that motivations are inner forces that antecedent consumers to take action towards satisfying their needs. When a marketer understands the motivating factors that trigger a consumer to visit a show room or actually recognize a need to buy a car, he can get a competitive edge in the industry. Motivation is an important factor curiously for Sunny Nissan as the marketing team of the car should understand the motivational factors that will cause the consumers to collapse attention to the brand and actually become motivated enough to purchase the car (Nissan 2009) . However, Michael and Dann (2007) point prohibited that recognizing these motivating factors are essential so that the marketers can use these factors in the advertisements or the sales force out can use these motivating cues to make the consumer want the brand more and encourage him to buy the car. Folkes (1988) adds that penetrating about these motivational factors will give Sunny an edge and the marketing efforts will be full-bodied as they will affect the consumers. For example featuring a family in the advertisement and how a better expression car resolves family commuting issues and gives the owner a amicable acceptance will make the viewer extend to it to his own personal needs and he may actually be motivated enough to go pout and buy the car. Motivation as Bagozzi and Dholakia (1999) describe therefore is an attempt to recognize the consumer behavior at a micro level. It is when the marketer tries to understand the consumer at an individual or personal level which is very(prenominal) difficult to assess and gauge.The main motivation theory is based on the need factor. With Maslows pecking order of Needs theory, the categories of need can be recognized as physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, appreciate needs and self actualization needs. As per the theory, Bargh (2002) explains that the need for Sunny will lie under th e social need category. This is

The importance of the quest in Homer's Odyssey and Dante's The Inferno Essay

The importance of the quest in Homers Odyssey and Dantes The hellhole - Essay ExampleThe damned souls populate the chasm, which Dante classifies under Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics, and thus becomes an amalgamation of Grecian unpleasant allegory and a testimony to Aquinas appropriation of Christian sensibility in Aristotles Ethics.Virgil guides Dante through the nine concentric circles of Hell., fall into deeper and graver sins, unrepentant, and culminating into absolute evil, as represented by Satan. The move around begins from the Dark wood, and into the Limbo. It is more of a pagan, unbaptized and a coarse yet virtuous crowd like Homer, Horace, Ovid and Lucan (Canto IV), who only repent their seperation from god. In Canto V, unrivalled of the seven cardinal sins appear, which is sin under lust. Inhabited by the adultress Francesca, who proclaims to justify her irresistible attraction to Paolo, in a way that evokes the ideology of the immoral Thirteenth century Italian res pect sonnets, that challenged the power of love beyond anything. The third realm is possessed by Cerbereus, amonster from greek mythology, but attributed with montrous humanity by Dante, who guards the gluttons. The journey also evokes the political tensions of contemporary Florence and the complexity of the whole Guelf-Ghibelline conflict and Florentine politics that reached its crest in 1300 (ironically the fictional date chosen by Dante for his Inferno). Hatred for papacy, and the belief that Rome is predestined to be the fucking of Empire, disillutions the poet ab break through factionalism (symbolically Florence is shown to be divided by the Arno river of the Hell in Inferno) and party politics and makes him search out a way for Salvation through his poem. The political condition of Florence is mouthed by the sinner Ciacco in Canto VI, in the third realm. IN Canto VII, with the beginning of the fourth circle, Dante sees Pluto stationed, a place damned for the avaricious and th e prodigal. In a sysiphean way, the group ofmiserly and the wasteful squanderers push weights against each other and start allover again when it smashes on any of the sides. It is a psychological drama represented by the futility that awaits all materials things that we pursue in life. incoming the land of the sloths, thepoet and Virgil cross Styx with the ferryman, Phlegyas, when tey meet the fury of Filippo Argenti, and denied entry by the fallen angels of the city of Dis, and meeting the hellish monsters and the wrath of the furies are granted entrance due to Heavens intervention. Thesixth circle burns with consuming flames to torture the heretics. here he meets the famous Ghibelline Farinata delgi Uberti, who was seen as a heretic for potensial opposition against the political lrole of the papacy. Excluded from any form of forgiveness and pardon he is damned. This part seeks to voice the poets contest with his own fears about sin against the papacy. The violent, like those co mmited against multitude and property,theirown self i.e. suicice and that against God, nature and the art i.e. blasphemers, sodomites and the usurers are punished in the seventh circle, and guarded by

A Comparative Analysis of Traditional Costing Method with ABC Costing Essay

A Comparative Analysis of traditional damageing Method with ABC Costing Method - Essay Example(Charles T. Horngren p150) Manufacturing company only produced a few types and high quantities of products before, traditional existing method which focused on direct salutes were untold more important than the end product overheads, traditional costing would be accurate before While the production structure has changed, the times demand that flexibility and love of change replaced absorption costing method in Manufacturing company. Our company is a Manufacturing company. The company has a processing system that is used to manufacture two products Hinkels and Quirts. Cost drivers are the real factors that decide the cost incurred and the resource consumed. Unlike the traditional method plagued by inaccuracy in manufacturing overheads apportioning, ABC need not adopt two-stage cost allocation process to figure out the each(prenominal) target cost, in order to achieve cost information a ccuracy. Therefore, ABC adopts multi activities to distribute costs. It demonstrates that choosing proper cost drivers is the most important and key step. In practice the ABC system uses many drivers as allocation bases in the second stage of the cost allocation system whereas the traditional cost systems tend to use, at the most, two second-stage allocation bases. (Colin Drury, 2002, p298)II. ABC process Activity- found costing has the following five stepsa. Identify the disparate activities performed by the business.b. Calculate the total cost of each activity over the financial period(cost pool)c. Identify a cost driver (i.e. a causation factor) for each activity.d. Calculate the cost driver rate(i.e. the average cost of one occurrence of the cost driver)e. Assign part of the cost each activity to different products based to the extent to which each product has caused the activity to occur (i.e.

Employment plan coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employment plan - Coursework ExampleI retain always dreamt of working at a construction company like Terna. Terna is known for its projects, its highly qualified personnel and the work opportunities that it gives to adolescent engineers. I hope that the demonstration of my skills and experience are suitable for the junior civil engineer position. assign 2 My SWOT Analysis for my Continuing Professional Development (CPD)In no more than four hundred words critically appraise your current position using the SWOT analysis framework.Strengthsa) My University degree is in Civil Engineering and I was among pilfer five performers.b) I have relevant experience - I spent three months at a construction site in Saudi-Arabian Arabia.c) I have good knowledge of project management.d) I am able to demonstrate team working and term management skills. I was managing a small team of workers at the construction site in Saudi Arabia.Weaknessesa) Although I have basal knowledge of AutoCAD, I am sti ll non considered an experienced user. I currently attend seminars for improving my knowledge in AutoCAD.b) I do not speak Arabic. harangue Arabic can be advantage since a civil engineer has to communicate in Arabic with the workers. I would consider learning Arabic prior to obtaining the position. Opportunitiesa) There is a shortage at a national level for engineers wanting to live and work in Saudi Arabia. Experienced engineers do not want to leave their families and migrate and young engineers do not birth relevant experience.b) Our country is renowned for the large construction projects that its construction companies take over all around the world. In addition, University programs prepare top quality engineers.c) There are also many... I am aware that Terna looks for candidates that have a basic experience at this kind of projects and gives a particular emphasis on team working skills, meter and project management. During my university years I attended a module called Proj ect Management which enabled me to study the requirements of a construction project. In addition, I attended two free choice modules concerning team working and duration management and two seminars dealing with these issues. The project in Middle East gave me the opportunity to practice these skills since I was part of a large construction team and as one of the chief engineer assistants I was responsible for a small number of workers.I have always dreamt of working at a construction company like Terna. Terna is known for its projects, its highly qualified personnel and the work opportunities that it gives to young engineers. I hope that the demonstration of my skills and experience are suitable for the junior civil engineer position.a) There is a shortage at a national level for engineers wanting to live and work in Saudi Arabia. Experienced engineers do not want to leave their families and migrate and young engineers do not possess relevant experience.a) Global economic crisis ha s a negative effect on construction projects esp

Porter and National Competitive Advantage Essay

doorman and home(a) Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleIt is evidently clear from the discussion that Porters study Competitive Advantage theory gives a complicated tool for evaluating combat with every implication. Porters theory provides to recognizing the competitive advantage of nations in global production and trade. Its core, on the other hand, concentrates upon individual firms, in which the values of competitive advantage are involved. The concept of competitive strategy and competitiveness comes from the business. Industries compete for resources and markets, prevention competitiveness by examination of comparative market shares, growth or innovation and utilize competitiveness policy to progress their market performance. Porter thought the competitiveness of a country depends on foursome major determinants, they are factor conditions, demand conditions, supporting industries and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Although these four determinants affect the keep existence with a competitive advantage in an entire nation, their character states that they are further occupy of a particular industry rather than typical of a country. The reason for that in the theory of Porter is that the essential unit of analysis for understanding rivalry is the industry. Factor conditions being the input that affects rivalry in any firm include several broad categories. That includes Human resources, Physical resources, Knowledge resources, Capital resources and stem resources. Whereas examining these factors as a precondition for building competitive advantage, it is comparatively insignificant to highlight just their involution in a specific industry. What decides their effect on competitiveness is the quantity of effectiveness and efficiency of the order they are organizing within an industry.

The Triple Bottom Line Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Triple Bottom Line - attempt ExampleThe essay The Triple Bottom Line discusses the article The Triple Bottom Line What Is It and How Does It solve written by Timothy F. Slaper and Tanya J. Hall highlights the importance of sustainable development. Authors argue about sustainability that has often been cited as one of the primary goals for brass instruments.Some experts suggest assigning a monetary value to all the 3Ps. The detractors claim that art object profits can be measured in dollars, the environmental impact and social impact cannot be measured in dollar terms. Another school of thought suggests that an index is created which will allow for lawful comparisons of the sustainability performance of organizations. The discord in this approach is regarding the weights to be assigned to the three dimensions of TBL. Which of the 3Ps is most important people, major planet or profits? Who will decide this? There is no clear cut answer. The authors opine that from each one of t he parameters of TBL should have different units of measurement and should have different metrics. The authors then throw light on the point that there is no universal method of calculating the TBL. A couple of variations of the TBL measurement namely The authenticated Progress Indicator (GPI) that comprises 25 variables and Minnesota Progress Indicator that includes 42 variables and have also been mentioned in the paper. Another important learning from the paper is the appropriate measures to be used while gauging the TBL performance of an organization or of a particular project.

Any topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Any topics - Essay ExampleUnderstanding Human bearing and the Social Environment by Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010) is an investigative study article post by the means of noble-mindedness research that applies specific psychosocial early childbearing and pregnancy predictors within a single reproductive womanhood risks factor (Ramsay and Gennady, P. 14). The article uncovers vividly through extensive discussion multivariate Eriksonian developmental perspective get for nurses to integrate unique of an unaltered body of mothers of reproductive age. In Ideal environment, the article denotes both vicenary and empirical for of research technique with much utilization of a mail survey to evaluate the appraising(prenominal) behavior, aspiration factors and psychosocial well-being of reproductive mothers. The article employs a sample population of 2635 participants aged 18 to 20 years selected from the Australian longitudinal study of the survey undertaken for women health (Ramsay and G ennady, P. 16).The article generation is based on the reality that, women of reproductive age psychological factors play a significant role in managing and sense early childbearing and pregnancy risk issues in women of reproductive age. The research findings presented in the article deliver nurses with opportunities to investigate and evaluate the process. In simple terms, the article provides the means of effective nursing interventions or nursing care plan (Ramsay and Gennady, P. 22). The means effective nursing intervention provided by the article helps nursing professions in achieving the best nursing practice in the care of early pregnancy and childbearing women based on the Eriksonian Developmental point of view. The articles study exploits Erikson psychological development theoretical framework that has been understudied in longitudinal nursing research. Therefore, of all psychosocial factors that may face women

Career statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career statement - Essay ExampleI shall have to develop vast knowledge of the latest means, advanced tools, and strategies for efficient sales and marketing of products as well as of the operations involved in deriving different kinds of chemicals and byproducts from crude oil in the beside five years. In addition to that, the skills and abilities I will need to develop in the next five years include presentation skills and technological skills including developing competence in the latest computer software employed in sales and marketing. I will have gained a lot of knowledge rough my field at the point of completion of my undergraduate degree. However, I shall continue developing my knowledge by getting the Masters degree in Marketing. Besides, I shall keep attending workshops and conferences and will in any case be in search of good short courses to refresh my knowledge as well as learn the latest trends in the use of make in the industry. These workshops, conferences, and sh ort courses will also serve up me acquire the needed skills and abilities in addition to the practical experience of working I shall get by dint of working in the field. There is a lot of margin for growth in the both steel and petrochemical industries. There is no dearth of organizations looking for professionals to fill these positions across the world. Construction and oil exploration neer goes out of trend and it is safe to assume that I shall easily find job anywhere in the world any time. I would most likely go to a graduate school later on completing my undergraduate degree.

Recent Developments in the use of Titanium Alloys as Implant Materials Essay

Recent Developments in the use of Titanium Alloys as Implant Materials - Essay eccentricOne of the main objectives of implants is to be chemically inert and biocompatible with clay so that it may not be deteriorated by the body fluids. Titanium and its alloys are the materials that fulfill these criteria, so they may be used as implants with certain checks that require some studies.Biomedical implant reliability depends on the corrosion, wear, and fatigue resistance of the materials. unalloyed atomic number 22 grades are largely used for implants and other parts which do not have to distinguish with high loads in the human body, while titanium alloys predominate in applications for endoprotheses and surgical instruments (http//www.metallurgy.nist.gov/techactv1995/titanall.html). pure titanium and titanium alloys have been used for years in medical engineering for a liberal range of applications, some examples of which are listed belowMedical grade titanium alloys have a importa ntly higher strength to than stainless steels. The range of available titanium alloys enables medical specialists designers to select materials and forms closely custom-built to the needs of the application. The effectiveness and reliability of implants, and medical and surgical instruments and devices is an essential factor in saving lives.nidation represents a potential assault on the chemical, physiological and mechanical structure of the human body. There is nought comparable to a metallic implant in living waver. Most metals in body fluids and tissue are found in stable organic complexes. Corrosion of implanted metal by body fluids, results in the release of unwanted metallic ions, with likely interference in the processes of life. Corrosion resistance is not sufficient of itself to suppress the bodys reaction to cell toxic metals or allergenic elements such as nickel, and stock-still in very small concentrations from a minimum level of corrosion, these may initiate rejecti on reactions. Titanium is judged to be completely inert and immune to corrosion by all body fluids and tissue, and is thus biocompatible.3.1. ObjectivesTo determine the suitability of titanium for use as surgical implants.Studies of coupled metals in dentistry alloyed with titanium.Development of standards for titanium alloys and for updating existing standards.Studies on response of pure and alloyed titanium to model surgical lesion environment.4. Theoretical Background4.1. How Implants affects Bogy FunctionsThe oxide film forms the interface between the metal implant and the body, its properties are

Criminal Justice System of Argentina Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Justice System of Argentina - Assignment ExampleEarlier, on second September 2007, it had ratified the Second Optional procedure to the Inter countryal Covenant targeting the suspension of the death penalisation, which dealt with accomplished and political rights (adopted in 1989) which served to abolish the death penalty on ordinary crimes (Ebbe, 2013). With this, Argentina became the seventh nation to amend all human rights regulations in the Inter-American system.On 7th August 2007, a law that power saw the removal of the 1951 Military Code of Justice was unanimously passed by the countrys Senate (Amnesty International, 2008). This meant that the death penalty had been removed from all crimes including those committed during military operations, hence removing the military Court (Amnesty International, 2008). In young times, smashing punishment has not been practiced in Argentina, the last one having been implemented in 1916.Given that the death penalty is unlawful in Argentina following a series of legislative amendments in recent times, the use of methods such as torture, hanging, flogging, lethal injection and others for execution no longer apply. Certain other methods have been adopted to deal with crimes that would otherwise warrant the death penalty. In some cases, sentences have been trim back to liveliness imprisonment while in others sentences have been reduced to a jail term of several(prenominal) years, depending on the nature of the case. A few examples of how serious crimes have been punished recently follow hereunder.In the case of Mario Ferreiro who was accused of murdering his wife after a quarrel in 1998, the judge passed a life imprisonment on November 26th2007 (Ebbe, 2013). In another case, an ex-army officer accused of kidnapping, torturing, and killing four reformists before fling their bodies in the streets to simulate death in a shootout in 1977 was also sentenced to life imprisonment.

Modern Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Ethical Theories - Essay ExampleIt suggests that totally our feigns atomic number 18 motivated by our ego interest. People act self-centeredly to promote happiness and foster their self interest.Thomas Hobbes, a believer of psychological self-confidence, emphasized that people are selfish unconsciously. They do lissomgs for their avow interest or for their have got survival. With this statement, it cancels its historical essence if we talk about(predicate) doing things for others. If we do things for other people, does it continuously means that we did it for our own interest Thats the big argument now. According to Hinman, there are two interpretations about psychological self-esteem, its either people act for selfishness or they act for their own interest. It may sound the very(prenominal) but between these two interpretations, there is a difference. It actually depends upon ones motive or the consequence the person gets doing things for other people.If we int end to do something good for other people, we did it because it satisfies us inside. It rarely happens for a person to act genuinely for it self. They even sometimes hide whats the real them. Instead, people act apparently in their self-interest. What is more vocal of a person is when it acts for a certain motive. The essence of psychological egoism cancels out when intentions comes in. It falsifies its real meaning if we consciously do something or intend something.If there are two interpretations of psychological egoism there are also two versions of ethi... l to promote ones good, it is essentially never moral non to do so-that is, there may be conditions in which the avoidance of personal interest may be a moral action. There are personal, individual, and universal respectable egoism. The first implies that a person does single his self interest and disregards the other persons behavior. The individual good egoism states that all people should serve my own interest and univ ersal ethical egoism means that all persons should act exclusively for their self-interest. Among the three, the personal ethical egoism is the weakest. This kind of ethical egoism is not recommendable to others for what is important is your own interest. The strongest among the three is the universal ethical egoism. This states that you should only pursue your self-interest exclusively.psychological egoism and ethical egoism is two different things. Psychological egoism emphasizes that human beings are selfish in nature. They dont notice it because it is subconscious. In contrast to this, ethical egoism is a kind of egoism which states that a persons action is done by the persons best self-interest. It may deadening or benefit others. Ethical egoism is defined by an inherent desire to perform selfless acts while psychological egoism is defined by inbuilt selfishness of all acts. Ethical egoism doctrines states that all persons must act to their own interest while the doctrines in psychological egoism stresses that a humans penury of every voluntary action is a need for humans own happiness. The difference is between position for psychological egoism and value for ethical egoism.With the two kinds of egoism we have there is a thin line between what is selfish and what self-interest is. We can say that humans are being selfish because we claim for

The principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal Essay

The prescripts and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications - Essay physical exertionThe principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communicationsThe principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications There are several principles that underlie effective interpersonal communication. These principles should be adhered to in order to enhance the success of each interpersonal communication endeavor. The principles of effective interpersonal communication have emanated from mediation, focusing on the quality and character of interpersonal communication and alliances. One of the key principles of interpersonal communication demands that people should treat unrivalled other with a lot of respect. A couple should enjoy being together and present for one some other(prenominal) during times of difficulty. Another principle of effective interpersonal communication is that people should not interrupt one another. This principle is essent ial as it helps a person to be listened to when he or she talks with another person. By not interrupting others, conversations will become useful, joyful, interesting, and worthwhile (Mayer, 2007). In interpersonal communication, thither is a merry principle, which demands that people should not volunteer others. This denotes that there should be the recognition of valuing the in force(p) of the other person to absorb their experience choice. As such, there is no need to use ones language in a manner suggesting we are choosing for the other party. The other principle of effective interpersonal communication is that everyone has the right to pass. This means that a person can make the choice not to do something, especially when he or she does not have the feeling to do it. With this principle in mind, everyone should take responsibility for their own actions and choices. Interpersonal communication also calls for the principle of speaking, but the speaking should not be for long or happen too often. Based on this principle, it can be deduced that talking for too long affects the trust on communication as a way of connecting with others. Therefore, it is of considerable significance that we allow others to talk just about ourselves. Interpersonal communication also holds the principle that we should challenge the behavior of the other person, as opposed to contest the person. Therefore, complicated situations should be de-personalized from a personal battle to an opportunity for creativity and learning (Mayer, 2007). The other principle of effective interpersonal communication is that confidentiality should be respected. Therefore, one should develop a feeling of safety, trust, and intimacy by valuing what the other person regards as crucial to themselves. Effective interpersonal communication also has the principle that there may be nothing wrong in making mistakes. Thus, people in a relationship should acknowledge that either or both of them may make m istakes. Mistakes can be regarded as slant opportunities, avenues for insight and connection instead of opportunities where people should blame each other (Mayer, 2007). Effective interpersonal is not without several misconceptions. One of the misconceptions in effective interpersonal communication encompasses the belief that it solves all problems. Although people may learn to communicate about a problem clearly through interpersonal communication, it may be easy to come with a solution to the problem. The other misconception about interpersonal communication entails the belief that it is perpetually a desired thing. However, may communicate in ways that tend to be deceitful, racist, manipulative, and

Ethnics studies 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnics studies 2 - assay ExampleAnother police officer (Matt Dillon) perceives that a light-skinned woman but actually from the dumb race (Thandie Newton) is white. Racial discrimination is withal evident when a white producer says that black computer address doesnt dear black enough, to the black TV director (Terrence Dashon Howard) it never occurs to him that even the executive doesnt also sound sound black, either. These characters say precisely what they think about the other race, without the filters of political appropriateness. The district attorneys wife is so terrified by the encounter on the street that she is forced to change the locks, she then has a musical note that the locksmith will get back with his gang to attack the family. The white policeman is not able to gate to health concern for his vanishing father, and thus sets to accuse the black woman at his HMO that she is intriguing extend to of privileged ethnic treatment. When the Iranian is not able to comp rehend what the locksmith is trying to tell him, he becomes insecure, and gets a gun for personal defense.In the recent world, white elites fabricated race and racial discrimination to endure their supremacy and that of the white people in general. The whites have acknowledged the privileges they get from the structure and helped sustain it. The paradox does not arise from the personality prejudices that are present in a variety of ways in all groups but from white race superiority, which is articulated not only by persons but also in universal and institutional behaviors. There is tiny insinuation of such perception in the film, which makes it specifically more hazardous in a white-dominated culture in which white people are eager to keep away from confronting the dispensation. Crash is white supremacist for the reason that it tries to cover up the certainty of white

Assessment of the State of Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Essay

estimation of the State of Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Eastern atomic number 63 - Essay ExampleThe end of Communism unleashed a picture springtime of ethnicity in Eastern Europe, and a tentative ethnic, cultural, and political revival followed the collapse of Soviet power. In 2004 the European Union voted to incorporate ten Eastern European nations known to value democratic principles into its connexion the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.All Slavic languages derive from the Proto-Slavic, which itself is believed to have divided off from the Proto-Indo-European precursor of members of the Indo-European family of languages as far back as 2000 B.C. (Ruhlenn, 28). In the 1st blow B.C. Proto-Slavic was most likely still subjective to all Slavs and may have remained so as late as the 8th or 9th century A.D. The individual Slavic languages and their related cultures definitely began to surface by the 10th c entury A.D (Gordon, 357).In the consequence of the westward advance of the German tribes, the Slavic peoples had expanded throughout eastern and central Europe and had roughly assimilated most of the earlier peoples of the vicinity by the close of the 10th century. The absorption of these inhabitants created the subsequent diversity of languages and cultures that turn back present-day Central and Eastern Europe as well as the occidental section of the Soviet Union (Barraclough, 35). In comparison to the prosperity and erudition of the Byzantines, the Slavic culture was as much economically disadvantaged as its political affairs and defensive structures were decidedly tenuous. Over time Byzantine, German, Magyar, Mongol, or Turkish foreigners invaded the region by turns (Dornberg, 40). Each foreign element imposed a distinct set of ethnic, financial, political, and societal characteristics that were at times resisted and at others assimilated in an ethno-linguistic synthesis. Rel igion typically afforded the vital means by which foreign ethnic customs and languages were adapted. By adopting western influences the Slav princes consolidated their influence abroad, acquired self-government and successfully merged the Slav tribes in official states (Barraclough, 57).From the 9th to the 13th century A.D. Christians from Rome and Byzantium vied to win northern and eastern Europe over to their view of Christianity (Dornberg, 134). Early in the 9th century the influx of Hungarians in Pannonia had interjected non-Slavic speakers between southern and western Slavs (Barraclough, 73). A sketchy demarcation subsequently emerged along that 9th Century rift, running between Rome and Constantinople, leveling an implicit dividing line between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, with Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians, Ukrainians and Russians being largely Orthodox and Croats, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles principally Catholic. According to linguists, all Slavs conversed in the same tongue across the region, with distinct local dialects, probably well into the12th century (Turnock, 2). However, in injure of a compelling linguistic link to Russia and to Orthodox Christianity, the Eastern European nations did not partake significantly in the specific

Adolescent Student Attitudes Towards Mathematics Essay

Adolescent Student Attitudes Towards Mathematics - Essay ExampleMathematics not lone(prenominal) helps one individual in building his skills but also teaches one individual how to use them in his practical life. Keeping the importance of math in mind this subject is compulsory in almost all sorts of education systems. As this subject is compulsory for everyone some students face difficulties small-arm studying it while some do not. However the subject of Mathematics is considered the most difficult one by the students too. The measure of learning of a student depends on many factors. A students precaution should be focused on the topic he is learning. The berth of learner and the environment in which he is studying are the major(ip) factors of his learning process. In this article, I would further discuss the attitude of students and their environment and priming in incident to find out the reasons of changing attitudes of students towards mathematics. Students background me ans the situations and conditions of their daily routine and their relation to their home. In contrast, the attitude of the students talks about their awareness, approach and feelings about mathematics. It is observed that the situations in the home make the base of the students emerging formal learning either strong or weak. A student always needs his mother, who is make out to be the first teacher of a child, to help and guide him in solving complex mathematics topics and questions. The understanding, feeling and concerns of students also play a magnificent role in their progress of learning a particular subject. The pace of learning and level of understanding of a particular subject can be determined and assessed properly if these factors are kept in mind. Many researches have evaluated the result that students personal and family background contribute to a enormous extent in the accomplishment of their goals including their success in mathematics. The changing attitudes of st udents towards mathematics and other studies also depend on their social life. Certain questions must be answered to understand wherefore their attitude changes.Q1 Are their any resources available for the students at their home If so what are they and if not what would be the effect How does it affect their attitudesHome has been verified to be the greatest uphold for the students to carry good attach along with the willingness to study further and more efficiently. The environment provided to the student greatly influences the student to focus on his studies. Mathematics, being a complex subject for the students, requires attention and time. A student having an educational environment at home is observed to be more competent in his studies than the student having a less-educated environment nearly him. The learning opportunities, physical and mental relaxation and the peaceful environment of home play a great role in the success of a learner. A number of researches have alread y shown the positive descent of learning accomplishments and home issues. The availability of books makes the first impression and acts as the first motivation for the student to calculate hard in his studies. The students follow the path of their parents and elders. Although books are believed to be the fundamental learning resources, other support stuff are thought as supplements which provide ease in the learning particularly that of mathematics. such(prenominal) materials are calculators, computers, laptops, dictionaries, guidebooks and study tables. The educational qualification of parents also affects the students academic life. If the parents are well educated and know the importance of education they would always emphasize on the students learning. Mathematics needs a lot of attention and

Identify a unifying theme using three short stories from the selection Term Paper - 1

Identify a unifying theme using three short stories from the selection of short stories - Term Paper manakinThe conflict is too much that it forces the Sister to move from the house to the post office (Negri 96-103).The Blood-Burning Moon, is a boloney authored by Jean Toomer. Revolve around Louisa who has two dealrs Tom Burwell and Bob Stone. Tom Burwell is a smutty while Bob Stone is a white. Bob has more time with Louisa, while Tom has slight time since he spends more time in the fields. Both lovers have not been able to pull out their feelings to Louisa. In this story, a black woman is viewed as a sex object. In addition in that respect is strong racism theme that tries to show the conflict between the blacks and the whites. The story is a tragic love story because it ends up with Tom being lynched by the mob (Negri 262-274).The Life You hold back May Be Your Own, is a story written by Flannery OConnor. The story has three main characters Shiftlet, Lucynell and her deaf a nd unsounded daughter Lucynell. All the characters believe that they can have a symbiotic relationship, where one can profit from the other. Shiftlet is a 26-year old young man who has never settled in life. The young man arrives at the Lucynells farm as a carpenter and he is interested in Lucynells push car. On the other hand, Lucynell sees a husband for his deaf and dumb daughter. Later after Lucynell supports Shiftlet in the espousal plans, Mr. Shiftlet is not interested in Lucynells union (Negri 455-464).In this paper I want to heighten on three short stories and identify the unifying theme in the three stories, The Life You Save May Be Your Own,, The Blood-Burning Moon and Why I Live at the P.O., . I also attempt to identify some literary devices that are common in all the three stories.The stories have many unifying themes but one of the most outstanding theme in all the three stories is the love, court and friendship theme. Though the three stories have different endin g, the three stories

Business continuity Essay Example for Free

Business continuity EssayJust in cartridge clip design is a lean operation concept applied in come forth range of mountains management where an enterprise strives to produce only what is needed, whenever it is needed and in the amount that is needed. It allows for efficient fruit of character products through complete waste elimination, avoidance of inconsistencies and in like manner elimination of non-value addition activities within the production line. (Lieb miller 1988) According to (Stank Crum 1997) the wastes that are eliminated are related to labour, where over staffing is a waste, period, in this slip idle judgment of conviction or use of extra time to accomplish a goal is con perspectivered waste. Just in time concept emphasizes on customer requests and avoids making decisions based on forecast. In this concept, record is considered as an supererogatory cost to the process. Traditionally, it would be considered to be value adding in the administration. I n this issue, production linees and validations are advised to eliminate any(prenominal) form of inventory that does non adjoin any additional value to the product. The just in time concept has various benefits to a line of work firm or enterprise. The benefits include an improvement in the strike of goods into, within and from the warehouse.There is also better planning and consistency in the organisation. Manpower jackpot be recoild when production process has stopped mainly collectible to planned shut downs for maintenance, stocktaking activities, or any opposite reason (Stank Crum 1997). This helps the enterprise to save on cost related to labour and other production overheads. When an organisation adopts the JIT concept and implements it, it helps in the production of better quality products and also increases the efficiency of production. tout ensemble the aforementi cardinald benefits are customer oriented. We hence realise from the benefits customer satisfacti on is enhanced.This in turn has an impact on customer loyalty and improved sales by the organisation. The net effect of this is improved simoleons by the organisation (Swamidass 2000). Despite having all the above benefits, the outcome of the terror attacks on September 11 has cast a lot of doubt on the just in time (JIT) concept deliveries in the make out reach. In a supply chain, to each one organisation along the chain depends upon a provider and therefore in case of a hitch along the chain, the repercussions are felt along the hale chain. Before the September 11 attack the JIT was comfortably applicable and implemented to various businesses.Until this time, overstocking was avoided and components were delivered to the expert regularise at the right time and in the right form with no hitch. Piling of inventory was avoided and production processes proceeded smoothly. However, the events of September 11 reversed all these, there were delays caused by grounding of aircrafts a nd also a continuing time was required for border inspections. Transport on land was also exceedingly affected. As an example, due to these interruptions, commodities destined for the Gap, Banana republic and the old navy stores ended up to a warehouse side by side(p) to an airport.The business surround, both(prenominal) external and internal will always be fluctuating. External environment similar the impact from natural calamities e. g. hurri flush toiletes, snow, storms, floods, earthquakes and internal environments like strikes, affect business operations. Therefore, for an organisation with a JIT establishment, in case of any fluctuation in the business environment, the supply chain will be disrupted and therefore flow of products downstream will not be realized (McClenahen Jusko 2001). For a sudden change in the business environment, the shocks will be felt throughout the supply chain.There will be a gap that will be created along the chain at the point where the fluctua tion is highly felt. It is a noble idea for businesses to consider having some safeguard stock on hand at each link of supply chain, which will take care of the emergencies in case of any eventuality. Since a supply chain consists of a network/series of suppliers and consumers, a hitch on one supplier side will affect the consumer who is also a supplier to the next consumer. Therefore in a business that has adopted the JIT system, it might end up being grounded because of lack of inventory to process or deceive to the next stage of the chains.It is therefore highly recommended for such businesses to develop a Just in case system, a system that allows for a safety supplies that will take care of any eventualities. Even though the JIT system has a number of shortcomings in case of shocks within the supply chain, it is important to note that organisations can still implement JIT and maintain an attractive supply chain with lean inventories even during emergencies. To achieve this, on e of the moves that a firm can make is locate where there is stock piling of inventories (Lu Kyokai 1989).Firms can defecate most of its inventories stocked next to or near their locations. This will help overcome the problems due to commitment or air transport in case these modes of transport are affected. A firm can also consider having more than one supplier for a given commodity, this will be a second option during emergency situations. For an organisation to succeed in its capital punishment of the JIT system, major changes within the organisation need to be undertaken. The top management need to show commitment and offer full support.They are also required to lead from the front if the benefits of the JIT system are to be realised. The adoption and implementation of the JIT system will substantially affect the mode and criteria through which carriers and other logistics overhauls providers will be recruited by the organisation. Organisations should be able to come up with service providers who are precise efficient so as to pass on the efficiency downstream the supply chain. The just in time concept is highly dependent on the speed and efficiency with which products are moving at along the chain.It is therefore cum laude to mention that the JIT system will highly affect the style of operations in the logistics industry. The number of logistics service providers to be recruited will also be determined by the triumph of the JIT system. According to (Ian 1988), constant and sound communication between business firms and their suppliers is another important factor that will affect the future of JIT in the global business environment. The quality of information that will be conveyed should also be put into consideration. The right information should be conveyed to the right place, at the right time and to the right person.A successful implementation of the JIT system in the future will highly depend on additional bringing up of the implementing forc e-out (Abuhilal, Rabadi, Sousa-Poza 2006). A lot of emphasise should be on the training of the personnel that are directly convolute in the implementation of the JIT concept. This should not be taken to mean that other employees in the organisation should not be trained. An elaborate training plan on this system should be unveiled and the concerned departments or functions for example, production, logistics, marketing should be given intense training.The major areas to be considered should include policies on JIT system, communication skills and training on commitment to the principles of JIT. The future of the just in time (JIT) system in the global environment will highly depend on the level of technology that will be embraced by an organisation. This includes both in machinery and other office operations. Adoption of improved technology for material handling is a advert area that firms need to look at. They should consider embracing cross docking or flowing inventory through a distribution centre.With an improved material handling facility, the businesses can absorb shocks easily in the event that there is disruption in the supply chain (Kreng Wang 2005) The use of information technology is in inventory management is particularly crucial if the growth and success of the JIT system is to be guaranteed. Business organisations should give information technology resources both in hardware and software so as to enhance the success of the JIT system. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) modules should be adopted for inventory management and controls within the organisation.Internet resources should be highly utilised for an effective JIT system. The most applicable resources include e-procurement, e- marketing. e-banking and e-mailing. When an organisation conducts procurement via internet, a human body of goods both in terms of quality and quantity may be obtained. The business deal is also conducted in an accelerated speed. Marketing via the internet allows for the organisation to reach many customers within a very short time and hence improve on the organisations sales.Internet banking allows for faster business transactions hence delays associated with payments are reduced and therefore the supply chain is protected from such delays (Hale 1997). To look into that the intended results of the JIT concept are achieved, it is important for firms doing business together along a given supply chain be proactive in their operations. By being proactive, it means that a consumer should be twisty directly in what their supplier is producing. The consumers should be involved in product design so as to have a product of their own making.On the hand it is very important for the suppliers to follow up and find out how their products are serving the customers. This will help in the elimination of ripples along the chain and hence easy implementation of the JIT system. The players in the supply chain should develop a culture of sharing problems w hen they occur at a particular point of the supply chain, this in a nutshell will reduce the overall effect that the problem would have on the entire supply chain (Titone 1996).The just in case system is another approach that will have an impact on the future of JIT system in the global environment. It is very important for firms to have a buffer stock that can liberate it out when events in the supply chain dont seem to be favourable. The idea of having safety stocks for emergency times should not be confused by firms holding inventories. It is a different concept from overstocking.

Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

reckon in civil engineer proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in urbane Engineering EssayStudies of braid management address the phenomena of face problems and explore the spirit of bend technology. Manufacturing technologies ar categorized into mass, social unit and continuous process of productions. formula technology is classified as a unit production through contrasting grammatical whirl activities and fabrications. Although the efficiency of construction technology is low in monetary value of unit production, it is associated with benefits such as aught stocks and flexibility. This report deliver the goodss a description of materials/techniques routined in the flow rate construction of modern domestic properties, industrial unit properties, their comparison and critical analysis of the performance of build organises. It also encompasses on the principles apply by builders to perform their functions, characteristics and behavi our of internal materials drilld in the construction. bulk eat been looking for efficient production strategys since the industrial revolution. However, most projects be still built under(a) traditional way of one-of-a-kind production. Application of IT in construction has also failed to produce the intended results. Therefore, nature of construction technology needs to be understood more in order to explain inefficiencies that ar environ the technology and theory that solves the construction problems (Sarkar 2008). According to Daft (2004), technology refers to the tools, machines, actions and techniques practice session in transforming organizational randomness and materials (input) into products and function (output).1.0 Construction technology It involves the study of construction techniques to fortunately achieve the design of the social organization with the recommended specifications (Sabnis, 2011). It includes brief work and study of construction equipment n eeded to facilitate the construction process. The recent trend is towards constructing t whollyer and lighter mental synthesiss. In order to achieve such buildings, sophisticated equipment needs to be employed in the construction process.1.1 modern construction techniques/materials The current methods of construction provide important benefits to developers and housing authorities which reduces the emphasis of on-site activity. This measuring is important particularly in the clock time of increasing demand of an already stretched labour force. Any refreshing implementation of doing things is faced with risks, but such risks posterior be mitigated through having good readiness and project management. Yvette Cooper, a planning and housing minister quoted, people mustiness ensure that the new(a) homes they are constructing are affordable to the next generations. This report shows that it is easier to build cheaper and faster using modern construction techniques whilst car e high quality of traditional methods.1.1.1 new(a) methods of construction (MMC) Modern techniques of constructing houses developed as early as 1945 after WWII, it was used by most of the developed countries such as Germany during buildings fabrication after WWII. subsequently these techniques spread in many countries and they are comm exclusively used in India during the construction process. As technology, construction k nowadaysledge and manufacturing processes increase so do the number of available methods of house construction increases to house builders. Modern Method of construction is a collection of new relatively construction techniques aimed at offering advantages everywhere traditional methods (Altenbach, 2013). Conventionally, this is an area pioneered by self builders, mostly in harm of sustainable construction. As developers sticks continually to the proven construction techniques that satisfy buyer demand, self builders have been willing to research, try and invest whateverthing polar so as to achieve individual homes that meet their need.In an effort of increasing housing demand, famine of skills and the set targets by Code of sustainable homes, many governments are encouraging the house-building empyrean to develop and use MMC technique in an attempt to meet these challenges. more or less of these modern construction techniques evolved from their traditional predecessors. Techniques such as structural insulated panels (SIPS) and thin joint systems with Air Crete blocks are part of the on going evolution of character frame and masonry construction (Kuzio 2009). Other familiar techniques have developed in the larger scale commercial-grade construction. This has brought alternatives with interesting qualities of house building. Development of steel frame systems and in-situ cover techniques led to the development of insulated concrete forms (ICF).1.1.2 Advantages of modern methods of constructionReduced impact on residents and ef fect of weather on production checkled make up and reduced fuel consumption and disruptions as a result of fewer materials delivered.Reduced construction defects and time consumed.High quality buildings1.1.3 Modern domestic properties1.1.4 Illustrations Larger construction components arsehole be incorporated into every MMC cares or conventionally built. They are not full housing systems, but they are factory do or site-assembled. This category comprises of the following components and sub-assemblies.This involves a series of assembled components and pre-fabricated ground beams to form quick and accurate foundations (Koerner 2005).These are pre-fabricated panels designed specifically for floor construction. Fewer on-site labour hours are needed per square euphony of floor, and the reduced work at heights has safety and potential health benefits (Hearn 2012).It involves designed pre-fabricated panels specifically for flip roofs. These panels are very stiff which are designed to leave the loft free of props and struts, hence allowing easy production of room in the construction of the roof. These roof cassettes make the building ferment piss weight more quickly than cut roof constructions or conventional trussed rafter.These are roofs assembled at ground train before the shell of the dwelling is constructed. It can be craned into place like a shot the super building is in place hence creating a weather tight bodily structure more quickly rather than assembling the roof in situ (Corum Scotland 2010).Factory made dormers are used to speed up the roof unattackable making process. Pre-fabricated lightweight chimney stacks made from factories are mounted on the roof structure without using masonry flue, thus making them suitable for construction of a lightweight frame. These chimney stacks can accommodate flue liners hence functioning with combustion appliances.Wiring looms Cabling systems are manufactured in a way that they can quickly be assemble d with relatively unskilled labour. They are made of various lengths concluded with plugs that are plugged into sockets and different electrical items (Quinn 2008).Standards are critical steps from development and research to food market adoption. Today, many industries are faced not only with managing technological development march, but also with pressures of how to do so cost-effectively, efficiently and with environmental and public safety being in mind.The bearing, energy efficiency, component materials and liveable structures environmental impacts have dramatically changed over the last few years. This is as a result of undefeated standardization of processes, new materials and technologies. This section provides a sample of more recently developed shows and construction technologies, which has been facilitated by provision of the needed standards by ASTM internationals technical committees. These standards have swept off technologies of new construction to the drawing b oard and into the currently built environment.A Buildings Skin 5488940117475Exterior insulant and Finishing Systems (EIFS) were used in Germany after WW II to resurface buildings that were damaged by the conflict ravages. They are lightweight, systems of multi-layer barrier that helps in keeping moisture from outer walls. With several components, from foam insulation panels fastened to the junior-grade and a substrate coat, to the exciteing coat and reinforcing mesh, EIFS is a complex system with materials required to connect successfully for years so as to keep moisture at bay (Noble 2011).EIFS standards development has been the key lineament of ASTM international Committee E06 on buildings performance since 1990s. Their subcommittee E06.58 on finishing systems and outside insulation published its kickoff EIFS standard, test methods used in determining breaking strength tensile of reinforcing mesh of glass fibre. This upshot was for use in class PB finishing systems and e xterior insulation, after it was exposed to sodium hydroxide solution in 2000.Stone masonry Veneer 548894093980The design freedom and cost savings offered by the products of perdition masonry veneer have led to their increased use in architectural projects. In comparison to born(p) stone, manufactured stone veneers can be precisely colored, reinforced with steel, and have a predictable and steadfast life. The appearance consistency of the manufactured products makes repetitive use of materials as a trim or aggrandise economically feasible. Additionally, older structures can be renovated with manufactured veneer stones that replicate the deteriorating stones appearance (Gunn 2012).It is a technology in which sealant adhesives are used to attach the glass to a building. In the last 20years, structural glazing has experienced exponential ripening. It has been in use in industrial construction and other city buildings all over the world.Wood-plastic Composites Since 1990s, recycled plastic and wood waste has been used as environmentally companionate and economic alternatives for decks. Components such as cladding, railings, molding, siding and trim, door frames and window and structures such as small honey oil benches.Concrete, which have been in use for a long time in construction of roads and structures is development in a way that make it less big-ticket(prenominal), more varied, safer, easier use and even more environmentally friendly. For example, a self-consolidating concrete that flows into forms was proposed in 1980s theory by a Japanese scientist. It has recently perplex viable as it used in infrastructural projects around the world. It properties are achieved by applying high-range-water system-reducing mixtures it increases the total quantity of fines applying admixtures that diversify its plastic state viscosity (Li 2011).The innovative building enclosures design relies less on past successful precedents than use of building science. This is a result of changes in methods and materials resulting from building innovation technology. Earlier building enclosures were only expected to provide a degree of environmental separation and be durable, but the recent structures must address issues like day lighting, energy efficiency, fire safety, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality and deoxycytidine monophosphate footprint (Grondzik 2008).In half a century ago, wall performance requirements were outlined which are now applicable to all components and enclosure systems. The following are the major considerations that were identifiedRigidity and strengthControl of heat flowControl of airflowControl of water vapour flowLiquid water control movementDurability and stability of materialsFire, aesthetic considerations and costSince the time of Hutcheon, additional objectives such as environmental impact consideration associated with building materials and methods and the need to provide secure and safe buildings have been a dopted. The acceptable requirements of wall performance were implicit within traditional materials and methods of construction. With the modern building science advent, they have become more explicit in response to technological innovation. The table below summarizes the requirements of contemporary performance and their jibe assessment parameters.Moderator versus separator A critical principle used in building science involves the conflict mingled with moderation versus environmental separation. For example, fire and good deal control movement is a strategy that attempts to completely separate fire and smoke from the indoor environment. The approach employs a fire-related assembly that fully controls leakage of smoke by virtue of the construction of its airtight and in some cases, the air pressures control between disunite spaces. Moderation involves a strategy where the difference between outdoor and indoor severity environments is moderated within the tolerant thresh old. For example, heat transfer control does not seek to minimize the rate to zero, but to a direct that satisfies energy efficiency, comfort requirements, and the control of wetting/condensation. The following table summarizes the key control strategies for building enclosures design, which is complicated in moderation strategy.A review of the corresponding control strategies and physical phenomena indicates the control of moisture migration is of the most important control function that needs to be addressed by designers. Problems of moisture in buildings are common and vary broadly in consequences and types. These consequences range from cosmetic flaws to structural failure and in some cases the occupants health can be printed adversely as in the case of mold growth leading to respiratory and allergic problems.2.0 Range of construction forms2.1 Provision and access of internal division of spaces within buildings Service integration should be jointly considered by the archi tect/designer, service and structural engineers. The interface between the fabric and the structure together with the service installations can cause problems. These problems can be in terms of the need to have re-route services within the structural elements or the purpose of passing through those elements (Luraghi 2008). twain(prenominal) structural and non-structural integration methods should be considered. The following are some of the spaces and divisions that an architect needs to consider.They should be installed so as to provide access to a building roof. The installation and design of the anchorage and the attachment system for the ladders should be described in MMAH standard supplementary.Fuel-fired appliances should be installed in service rooms from the buildings remainder by fire separations with the fire rating resistance which is not less than one hour.A more than 600 mm high roof space needs to be provided with floor access immediately before the hatchway that is not less than 550 mm by 990 mm or by a stairway. It consists of duct spaces and ceiling, which is more than 600mm wide and 1200mm high, shall have inspection doors. It should not be less than 300mm in both vertical and horizontal dimensions placed so that the entire space or duct interior can be viewed (Kuzio 2009).A fabric is a material structure selection, engineering, proper design, installation and fabrication of all work together to ensure a sound structure (Foster 2010). The role of material in the structures performance makes the selection process important. This is true particularly with air-supported and tensile structures because their frames, as well as their membranes carry the load.Membrane materials Fabrics are typically laminated and coated with synthetic materials for environmental resistance and greater strength. Most of the widely used materials are polyester coated or laminated with PVC, woven fiberglass that is coated with silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Films, Meshes and other materials also have appropriate applications.Polyesters It is the most frequently base material used due to its cost, durability, strength and stretch. They are coated or laminated with PVC films and thus they are the to the lowest degree expensive for long-term fabrications. Laminates consist of vinyl films over knitted or woven polyester meshes. Coated fabrics typically use a high-tensile, high-count coated fabric with a bondable substance at the base for extra strength. brightness level fabrics are commonly used insulated and acoustic liners suspended beneath an envelope of a structure. For long-term exterior application, heavier materials are needed fabrics with top coatings of PVF or PVDF (Zhu 2011). These top coatings are responsible with providing a protective finish to withstand environmental degradation.Vinyl-coated polyester It is a common fabric used when producing flexible structures, such as canopies, walkways, custom-designed a wnings, smaller air-supported structures, tent hall and light member-framed structures (ManCuso 2012).Properties of building materialsGroup PropertiesPhysical Shape, Density, Size, Specific Gravity etc.,Mechanical Strength, Plasticity, Elasticity, Toughness, Hardness, Ductility, Brittleness, Stiffness, Creep, stir Strength, Fatigue etc.,Thermal Thermal conductivity, Thermal capacity, Thermal resistivity, etc.,Chemical Corrosion resistance, Acidity, Chemical composition, Alkalinity etc.,Optical Colour, escaped transmission, Light reflection etc.,Acoustical Sound absorption, Reflection and Transmission.Physiochemical Hygroscopicity, Swell and Shrinkage due to moisture changes3.2 coincidence of materials/techniques used in construction The use of steel in the residential construction and housing sector has grown rapidly over the last ten years. This has been facilitated due to the growing appreciation of the performance benefits arising from the nature of the off-site of the co nstruction process, which is particularly important in mixed-use or urban buildings. Steel construction technologies of an off-site increase the speed of construction and improve the final quality of the building, and can add points to the Code for sustainable Homes. The main steel market in this area is in multi-storey residential buildings, and mostly mix-use buildings.Domestic buildings versus industrial buildings A building classified as domestic is one which an individual uses as a dwelling place and provides separate family living quarters for separate family units (Richardson 2008). On the other hand, building not used in connection with a residence and not located on the same parcel as a residence, it is classified as industrial property. Most of the industrial/commercial buildings have been using pre-fabricated construction such as ceiling panels, prefab wall panels, flooring system and plasterboards to create interiors of offices (Domone 2008). Prefab materials provide the option of buildings customizing for specific needs such as water and fire resistance and soundproofing. However, individual owners of homes have not yet gained enough confidence with prefab construction. This increases its demand for commercial spaces and from large developers but use by individuals in their homes is yet to gain popularity.4.0 Critical review of how building structures perform Organization structure may be considered the organizations anatomy, providing the foundation in which the organization functions. Hall (1977) noted from candid observation that an organizational structure affects its members behavior. The particular buildings structure is a major antigenic determinant of the peoples activities within it. Hall suggested two basic functions of the structure each of which may affect organizational performance or individual behavior within the industry. First, they are designed at least to minimize or regulate individual variations influence on the orga nization (Brown and London 2000). Organizational structure is also the setting in which decisions are made, power is exercised, and organizations activities carried out. Van de Ven (1976) highlighted the structures importance both at the subunit levels and the organization for the performance of organizations.Conclusion Construction technology produces goods and provides services at the same time. The construction process is having low predictability and is highly uncertain. Many intermediate items are merged and created by human operations with low standardization, mechanization and automation. The benefits of construction technology include high flexibility, zero stock, and satisfactory social needs. As these benefits appreciated, industry that is responsible with construction should consider improving integration of construction job site activities. Thus, we should examine and understand the construction technology fundamentally before successive e-construction programs and construction automation.ReferencesAltenbach, H. (2013). Advanced materials modeling for structures. Berlin Springer.Brophy, V., Lewis, J. O. (2011). A green Vitruvius principles and practice of sustainable architectural design (2nd ed.). London Earthscan.Domone, P. L., Illston, J. M. (2010). Construction materials their nature and behaviour (4th ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon Spon Press.Foster, J. S. (2010). Structure and fabric (6th ed.). Harlow Longman Scientific skilful.Grondzik, W. T. (2008). Principles of building commissioning. Hoboken, NJ J. Wiley Sons.Kuzio, T., Kravchuk, R. S., Anieri, P. J. (2009). State and institution building in Ukraine. New York St. Martins Press.Leatherbarrow, D. (2009). Architecture oriented otherwise. New York Princeton Architectural Press.Luraghi, N. (2008). The ancient Messenians constructions of ethnicity and memory. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Mancuso, C. (2012). Unsaturated soils research and applications. Berlin Springer.Sabn is, G. M. (2011). greenish building with concrete sustainable design and construction. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press.Sarkar, S. K., Saraswati, S. (2008). Construction technology. New Delhi Oxford University Press.Zhu, Y. (2011). Computing in civil engineering proceedings of the 2011 ASCE International Workshop on Computing in polite Engineering, June 19-22, 2011, Miami, Florida. Reston, Va. American Society of Civil Engineers.Gunn, S. (2012). Stone House Construction. Melbourne CSIRO Pub..Hearn, L., Gray, K. r. (2012). Across the nightingale floor / sound recording (Unabridged. ed.). Minneapolis, MN HighBridge.Koerner, R. M. (2005). Geosynthetics Research and Development in betterment (GRI-18) Geo-Frontiers 2005. Reston, Va. American Society of Civil Engineers.Li, Z. (2011). Advanced concrete technology. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley.Noble, J. A. (2011). African identity in post-apartheid public computer architecture white skin, black masks. Farnham Ashgate Pub..Planning appeal by Corum Scotl and Ltd installation of air conditioning cassettes to roof level at 82 Hyndland Road, Glasgow letter. (2010). Falkirk Inquiry Reporters Unit.Quinn, J. (2008). An Evaluation of the Eclypse ESP Hand-Held Standing Wave Reflectometer. Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center.Source document

Resistance of a Wire Essay Example for Free

Resistance of a Wire EssayWill changing the length and type of electrify affect the defense? What is my aim of this project To set up an galvanic circuit to measure the resistance of the telegram. What be my Variables Nichrome coil What is resistance? Resistance is measured in (OHMS). It is the tick to the flow of charge. Why did we get resistance? An electric watercourse flows when electrons move through a conductor.The electrons that are moving can collide with the atoms of the conductor. This then means that it is more difficult for the current to flow, which ca social functions resistance. On the separate hand, electrons have a collision with atoms more often in a longer wire than they do in a short one, however, a thin wire has fewer electrons to carry the current than a thick wire. In a thin wire there is less space, but more resistance and in a long wire there is more space, yet less resistance. The flow of electrons conjectureBefore I do my try I predict that the resistance in the wire go out increase as the length of the wire increases. I also predict that if the resistance in the wire increases, then the thickness of the wire go out decrease. My diagram of my circuit For my first investigation task I volition be doing a preliminary test to find out which are the best wires to use for my investigation. This task was completed and threw my results I realised that using the Nichrome would be better for my investigation. This is what was done before the main(prenominal) experiment.Preliminary test Length Apparatus mental testing1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Average Resistance 10cm Ammeter The graphical record shows that the data is positive.From observing this graph supra I can see that my data is close togted along my line of best fit and that the data increases a lot, showing that this is a . as well as this there is s separately of anomaly data, which is my outlier, circled in black. For my experiment, I result be taking account the diffe rences in resistance between the different lengths of Nichrome wires. This testament be tested against copper which, has a low resistance and high current and is thinner than the Nichrome wire that has high resistance and low current. Method.In order for me to complete my investigation, I ordain need to gather the equipment listed above and set up my electric circuit. This will be done by the use of connecting my wires to the volt meter and ammeter and then attaching crocodile clips on each ends of the wires. It is necessary for the wires to be in this position, as the crocodile clips play an important role in griping the coil firmly whilst the investigation takes place. After doing this I will cut the chosen coil to the measurement I desire. These measurements will be of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and 50cm.With these different measurements, I will attach the coil to the circuit to make it complete. Then, I will turn on the power wad and take buck the readings from the voltmeter and ammeter, reading off the voltage and current. From these readings, I will calculate the resistance and average. My results from my readings will be presented in a table. With this experiment, I will keep all the equipment the same however my variables will be the type of wire, the length and the thickness. Repeating my test makes my investigation more reliable. Temperature is a factor that affects the resistance.For each reading I take I will switch off the power pack between each test, making my investigation much more reliable. Below are my table results for Nichrome wire Test (1) The wires length (cm) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (? ) Below is my graph on my results From my line graph I created, I can see that my readings from each test were very alike for each time the experiment was being done. From looking at my results in the graph, there were no outliers.However, it also shows that my hypothesis predicted was correct, because the longer the wire was the more resistanc e there was it had a low current and a high resistance. Evaluation I think my investigation worked well against my method and my hypothesis. I was able to complete my aim of this investigation, which enabled me to take down my readings of the current and voltage easily. I found the circuit easy to manipulate with no obstructions, which enabled me to record my results accurately for the resistance of the different lengths of wires.If I had the chance to re-do this project, I would have used a smaller current, because then I wouldnt affect the wires temperature in heating. This would then mean that it wouldnt affect the resistance of the wire being tested. As well as this I would use longer measurements of wire instead of just testing up to 50cm and test more different types of wires. Lastly, I feel that my experiment went well, which achieved its aim. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCS E Electricity and Magnetism section.

Video game controversy Essay Example for Free

Video game controversy EssayIn 2008, 298. 2 one million million picture games were sold in the US, totaling $11. 7 billion in revenue. Six of the top ten popular television games included violence, with four of the games carrying a Mature rating recommended for somebodys sequenced 17 and older. However, dotty flick games are enough a serious issue due to increases in bullying, violence toward women and school shootings.Although, galore(postnominal) individuals ordain claim that film games are only if an easy accessibility to express oneself, there nurture been thousands of searches worldwide hoping to find the relations, threats, and even benefits transferred from unpeaceful video games to the gamers. In fact, some of the most focused on studies force to claim that compete violent video games does present a threat to a substance ab users psychological health which leads the gamer to truculent(dangerous) behavior, increases well-disposed isolation, and shoul d be prevented from purchase by bush league.Physical aggression is specify as behavior intended to harm a nonher someone physic exclusivelyy. Organizations such(prenominal) as the Journal of the Ameri substructure academy of Pediatrics, the Ameri lot Psychiatric Association, and the American Psychological Association have actually been focusing on video games and the ties they have with corporal aggression. The American Psychological Association decides that adolescents who play video games whitethorn sire increasingly aggressive over time(Yee 454). Several early(a)wise studies have come to identify a urinate/effect relationship between dangerous aggression and violent video games.Obviously, legion(predicate) gamers are non displaying much physical aggression personally while they are blowing the brains out of the bad guys. However, as many researchers proclaim, Exposing children and adolescents to violent visual media increases the likelihood that they will engage in p hysical aggression against another person(Anderson 445). With that declared, as the gamer may not be exploiting physical aggression at the time playing the violent video game, that individual has a high risk of absorbing quasi(prenominal) aggressive characteristics especially afterwards playing the game repeatedly.Along with an expected increase of physical aggression, many researchers believe that, Media violence in addition produces an emotional desensitization to aggression and violence(446). A gamer that is invigoratedly introduced to the genre of violent video games may become less sensitive or emotionally unresponsive toward violence as exposure to such genre increases and repeated game play occurs. harmonize to James Gee, Game players are active twainer solvers who do not see mistakes as errors, but as opportunities for improvement.Players search for newer, better solutions to problems and challenges(451). Besides all of the negative opinions on violent video games and straight from the text, A recent Texas AM International take away records that violent games could actually reduce violent tendencies and could be used as a therapy tool for teens and schoolboyish adults (Greenberg 456-7). The majority of teens are students, occasionally have emotional stress, or estimable plainly need to justify stress and to many the best way to do so is by pulling out the new Grand Theft Auto.Violence portrayed in video gamessimilar to reality or notis thought of to help children with difficult feelings such as powerlessness and fear of real violence(Greenberg 456). Similarly, with no direct relationship, cigarette smoking is not a sufficient puzzle of lung cancer although it is a cause that is closely related. Physical aggression may be increased with the direct use of violent video games, just as the risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer increases for the individual who kittys a cigarette.However, the list of risk factors in order to develop lung canc er stretches far beyond than just the cigarette and even the one that does smoke may be in healthy shape for the majority of a lifetime. With that stated, video games are just one of many possible risk factors of physical aggression and may not exactly be supported with sufficient evidence to claim high levels of physical aggression answered from violent video games. According to Anderson, thither are many causal risk factors involved in the development of a person who frequently behaves in an aggressive or violent manner.There are biological factors, family factors, neighborhood factors, and so on(446). But regardless of how many other risk factors are present in a youths life, playing a lot of violent games is likely to increase the frequency and the aggression, both(prenominal) in the short term and over time as the youth grows up(Anderson 446). No matter if the physical aggression in a gamer of the violent genre is extreme or does not seem to produce a serious threat, the phy sical aggression does exist and can risk increasing as the violent games are being played more.Repeated consumption of violent video games create more corroboratory attitudes, beliefs, and expectations regarding aggressive solutions to interpersonal problems(446). Youth are becoming to conclude that physical aggression is acceptable, and rather normal. tumefy over 100 experienced researchers, scientists, and scholars worldwide follow a statement which says Overall, the research data conclude that exposure to violent video games causes an increase in the likelihood of aggressive behavior. The effects are both immediate and long term.Violent video games have alike been found to increase aggressive thinking, aggressive feelings, physiological desensitization to violence, and to lessening pro-social behavior. Researchers and critics have expressed concerns rough appropriate socialization and even dependency of young people who spend too much time alone, staring at a screen. play acting violent video games does present a threat to a users psychological health in which it increases social isolation. Before video games became such entertainment, more physical activity and social interactions with other individuals was a priority in search for easy entertainment.According to the website, Buzzle, referring to socialization and video games, Social isolation can be an immediate consequence of continuous and ceaseless gaming. People, especially children, tend to spend lesser time with their friends and others because they want to get back home and continue playing. This makes them aloof from others and so in the long run lack abilities of social communication and develop a kind of anthropophobiafear of human company(Web). Children and teens may also come across confusion about reality and fiction.Being addicted anything, including violent video games, can place a burden on ones social life. The ability for frequent playing gamers to witness certain realities of th e world become limit and the amount of individuals the gamer interacts with eventually decreases which leads to social isolation. Almost 60 percent of frequent gamers play with friends. Thirty-three perscent play with siblings and 25 percent play with spouses or parents. stock-still games designed for single players are often played socially(Jenkins 451). With percentages fairly medium, social isolation does not demeanor as if it is as big a factor as expected.Although, gamers are not always socially interacting, social bonding makes up a major part of the controlled play. Many games, such as predict of Duty, allow access to a headset which allows individuals to socially interact with one another while playing the game. Also, about 40% of all user time on Facebook is spent playing social games, where Facebook is designed to socially interact with friends and family on a social networking site. According to Jane McGonigal, Games make it easy to build stronger social bonds with ou r friends and family.Studies show that we like and trust someone better after we play a game with themeven if they pay off us(465). Even though Facebook is escorted a social networking site, playing social games on the site does not exactly relate to the flush form of social interaction that is necessary to be correct. Also, just because you can talk through headset and socially interact you are not exactly familiar with the individual oral presentation to you. In result, certain fears may lead to transformation in social awkwardness due to decrease of face to face contact in replace with a headset and other gamers sitting in scarer of their screen.Games may make it easy to build stronger social bonds, however, adding an intense amount of violence can result in different mood changes in gamers due to personal opinions on acts performed by other gamers. With a change in social behavior friendships, family members, peers and other individuals may diagnose a problem with the gamer and consider violent video games to be a direct result of social isolation. Is it considered constitutional if an American citizen gets limited rights under the First Amendment? Playing violent video games does present a threat to a users psychological health and should be prevented from purchase by minors.However, Supreme Court judicial and other government officials have to decide if prohibition of violent video games to minors is interfering with the individuals right to the First Amendmentwhich basically allows American citizens to have freedom of specific categories. The harmful effects on minors from playing violent video games are documented and seriously contested(Yee 454). States such as atomic number 20 are already attempting to make laws in which sell of violent video games to minors is prohibited just to protect children from the harmful effects of excessively violent video games.Prohibiting the gross revenue agreement of violent video games to minors will assist in p reventing unnecessary risk factors resulted from video games. As teens short of the required age cannot watch R-rated movies, they should not be granted the ability to control a version of realism that is similar to real-life on a screen in front of your face. Within the First Amendment rights are rights of speech, press, and political freedom. To deprive First Amendment free speech protection from video games that lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific take account for minors,(Greenberg 455) is just absurd and objecting against ones constitutional rights.Besides preventing the sale of violent video games to minors just going against the First Amendment, some stores may stop carrying Mature-rated games. Game publishers might be mysophobic to finance them. Developers would not know how to avoid triggering censorship because even the creator of such laws do not seem to know(456). Government bureaucrats are not fully equipped to divine the artistic value that a vi deo game has for a 17-year old. Excitingly, many researchers believe that parents should gain more authority in the types of games or media the child absorbs or chooses to interact with.Instead of the gaming industry being responsible for the outcomes of critic reviews, and research studies the childrens parents should take much more responsibility on anything absorbed, taught, or knowledge received by child. The people allowed to limit minors free speech rights are his parents or guardian(s)(456). As stated by Yee, I am hopeful that a majority of justices will agree that parentsnot retailers or game makersshould determine which games are appropriate for kids(454).As Greenberg proclaims at the end of his passage, Even when video games take on violence, and even when the players are minors whose parents let them play games with violence, picking up that game controller is a form of expression, and it should be free(457). It makes no sense to bar children from buying a picture of a naked woman but to allow them to buy video games that portray gratuitous torture(Yee 454). There are several laws or rules that prevent us from reaching desired expectations due to physical reactions, age, and matureness level, to say the least.If a minor is prohibited from the sale of pornography due to social morals and personal ineligibilities, then one should receive tougher access to the available consumption of violent video games. The prevention to dedicate those games to minors is a hopeful act to will not only ensure that parents make such decisions, but will help protect our children in the years to come. Yee claims, That since the government can prohibit the sale of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, drivers licenses and pornography to minors then that same reasoning applies in the foundation and passageway of his law restricting video games.There is a certain age until finally eligible to de jure purchase weapons, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, sexual accessories, tattoos, an d the list goes on. The more progressed and difficult the violent video games are becoming are being critiqued extremely precise, and actually portraying very similar to realistic visuals. With prevention of sales to minors, unnecessary confusion between psychological health in minors and violent video games will be limited and nearly eliminated leaving open window of individuals that gain access to violent video games with prohibition to sell to minors.Do violent video games present a threat to the gamers psychological health? Although several studies have left many conclusions unanswered hundreds of researchers, scientists and scholars have worked together and individually to allow the correct information behind the true relationship of violent video games and the gamers psychological health. Playing violent video games does present a threat to users psychological health in which it leads to aggressive behavior, increases social isolation, and should be prevented from purchase by minors.Works Cited Anderson, Craig A. Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence. Writing Arguments a hot air with readings. Ed. Lauren A. Finn. immature Jersey Saddle River, 2012. 445-6. Print. DSilva, Roy. Negative Effects of Video Games. Buzzle. 10 Oct 2012. Web. 2 featherbed 2013. Greenberg, Daniel. Why the Supreme Court Should Rule that Violent Video Games are Free Speech. Writing Arguments a grandiosity with readings. Ed. Lauren A. Finn. New Jersey Saddle River, 2012. 454-7. Print. Jenkins, Henry. Reality Bytes Eight Myths about video Games Debunked. Writing Arguments a rhetoric with readings. Ed. Lauren A. Finn. New Jersey Saddle River, 2012. 449-452. Print. McGonigal, Jane. Be a Gamer, Save the World. Writing Arguments. a rhetoric with readings. Ed. Lauren A. Finn. New Jersey Saddle River, 2012. 464-6. Print. ProCon. org. Do violent video games contribute to youth violence? ProCon. org. 29 Mar 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2013. Yee, Leland Y. Parents Should be able to Contro l What Kids Watch. Writing Arguments a rhetoric with readings. Ed. Lauren A. Finn. New Jersey Saddle River, 2012. 453-4. Print.

The Forgotten Group Member Essay Example for Free

The Forgotten Group appendage EssayIdentify and summarize the stages of comp all developmentAccording to the text, Christine and the group are in the stages of infringe as shown in figure 10.2, Antecedents, Felt conflict, Manifest conflict, Conflict re final result, and Conflict suppression. professor Thiel assigns each group a task to be evaluated by their peers. microphone seems a little distant at the rootage meeting and never wanting to join the group. When Mike bumped into them at school having lunch, he would give them a vague look. They never spoke to him or the professor intimately this situation. Identify Key ProblemsThe primary occupation for the group is their class members depart be evaluating how they dealt with problem at hand and Mike isnt devising it any better by not cooperating or corresponding with the team. The secondary problem is Christine and the group is severe to deal with Mike without the Professor being involved. Christine and the team should concord noticed how distant Mike was during the offset meeting. They should have gone to Professor Thiel after he declined and came up with an excuse not to attend any meetings, knowing he would affect their overall grade. Given that there is no one perfect solution for this situation, identify, describe, and defend two possible solutions to the primary problem(s). The class was put into groups to complete a task which will be evaluated. Mike never wanted to participate in the group meetings he gave Christine notes on their project. Everyone in their group was capable of carrying on without Mike. If they didnt have his input and cooperation they were to discuss the matter with the professor. According to the text, Christine compromised with him, arduous to get him to meet with the rest of the group. She done everything she could to empathize with him regarding his girlfriend.Christine and the group should have gone to the professor about theirproblem first, now, if they were to ha ndle this problem on their own. They should have voted on removing Mike from the team and continue on with their project. This would have been the answer or solution to their task at hand and possibly receives a practiced grade. Discuss whether Christine was an effective group leader in this case. Why or why not?Christine could have been stricter toward Mike, being this was a class project and he had no regard for the next person. She should have brought this to the Professors attention and dismissed him. Christine should have given Mike certain tasks to do and have him to twist around them to her or drop it off to one of the other team members, this would show that he was trying and position out on his share of the work. Having him to complete these tasks possibly would bring him from being so distant from them. These tasks for Mike could work toward her advantage and she wouldnt be up worrying.

Thumbs Up or Down on Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Thumbs Up or Down on Shakespeare EssayShakespeare is famous for form of good reasons. He is a clever writer who presented his workings with depth and purpose. He deserves all the thumbs up he could possibly get. Here are three reasons for those thumbs ups. First, like what Ive pointed out earlier, his works were cleverly written and very deep in some extent. They point moral lessons that shout the pros and cons of assortment of actions permit the readers to be mindful of the pith behind each act. In Othello, for example, you would think that it has a racist theme, except if you look closely, you will see that it condones racism.Second, through his works, we had a glimpse to the times that passed long before we were born(p) and also, long before he was born. His Work the Tragedy of Julius Caesar somewhat described the way of life in times of the Roman Empire. This particular work painstakingly explained the mechanism of a long-lost time. Third reason for thumbs up is that his passion in writing can be seen in his works. Passion is hard to translate through words, exactly it clearly manifested in every play he created. What could better explain the depth of how he portrayed his characters?Although Shakespeare can be described as a genius, he still earned a list of drawbacks. My first reason for his thumbs down is the fact that he had never published any of his works and if isnt for his friends, we might have lost all of his wonderful works. Because of this, many are convinced that another(prenominal) writers like Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, the Earl of Oxford, wrote some of his stories. Second, most of his plays contain dangerous scenes, and of course, most of his protagonists died the list includes Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, and so on.I once read in some article that because of Shakespeares big influence of the way of thinking in the Romantic era, the suicidal incidence increased dramatically. Third, I really like his portrayal of the past but sometimes I find his histories quite dry and difficult to understand they are really lummox going especially for average of the students. Im totally convinced that Shakespeare deserves all the thumbs up he could possibly get. Although I had pointed out some negatives about him and his works, they do not really weigh such(prenominal) for me.For example, the fact that he didnt publish any of his works doesnt prove that he is an unentitled writer. Aristotle and Confucius have the same record, and theyre still famous. Also I love the way Shakespeare used brain inside the Tragedy of Julius Caesar it proves how witty he was, which is a very plus factor for me. And more importantly, his suicidal themes made his works a lot more controversial but all of these have deeper meaning that made readers look beyond the act.Works CitedThe Complete Works of William Shakespeare. 1993. The TECH. 6 June 2008 http//shakespeare.mit.edu/works.html.

Investing in Futures and Options Essay Example for Free

Investing in future(a)s and Options Es assertINTRODUCTIONOf late, investors who ar in the stock and commodity be focusing their attention towards fortune sleep to unsexherment especi twainy due to high volatility nature.Since these volatility movements argon uncertain, it has become fore well-nigh earn of vagueness for such investors. Since the globalization of trade and free trade amidst major countries has become the order of the daylight, completely most all the investors have to be infra mercy of the convert rate fluctuations which results in volatility .The notion that exchange order , profitability and unlike factors influence a firms grade and in that locationfore the m iodintary shelter of its stock is widely held by financial analyst ,economists and merged managers . The liberalization of economic policies and investment policies due to world trade organizations (WTO) free flow of investments and trade betwixt member countries and bi ulterioral free trade agreements between countries have augmented internationalization of economic natural do and exceptional era of world wide cash and enliven rates instability. To counter these financial trys, upstart pi angiotensin-converting enzymeering concept commodity and stock grocery store hedging techniques have nurtured at a rapid speed. The main(prenominal) feature of the using assortedials by hedging is to have confine over the financial take chances and minimizing the piece of uncertain cash flows.Financial institutions have come to rescue to these corporations who have exposure to financial risk with the range of intersection breaker points to assist in risk management. By far the most hearty event in finance during the past decade has been the extraordinary development and expansion of financial derivatives. These instruments enhance the ability to make bulge by risk and allocate it to the investors most able and willing to take it a process that has undoubtedl y amend national productivity growth and ideals of living . Allen Green Span, Chairman, jury of Governors of the US Federal Reserve System.The geomorphologic advantage of derivatives i.e. leverage or gearing makes them suitable for managing risk give the gate also result in the generation of leveraged profits or in the event of uncomely grocery store movement , a significant losses. The main advantage of gearing is that the purchaser or seller need only to cough up a small proportion of total bell at the succession of deal is executed.It may be 1% and 8% depending upon the volatility of the underlying commodity or instrument. In the display model of exchange traded transactions, this furbish up is recognized as initial margin and is expected to reflect the amount by which the worth of a need may vary in one days trading. At the day end, all slims will be honourd and if the bell has been found to move against the stick, the losing party will have to gift provide d variation margin calls. In contrary, if the price movement is positive, credit will be presumptuousness to the party .It is this element of gearing that provides the opportunity to make large gains or losses.Prudent handling of this leverage will result in considerable profit maximization and if it handled inexpertly, may generate losses .In whatever cases , these losses though high however they are few in number when measured against batch of business and number of participants in derivative business .The contributory factors for sustaining loss includes over overmuchive position fetching ( in relation to capital) , fraudulent activity , unpredicted grocery moves, ineffective risk management, insufficient product understanding and inadequacies in corporate policy governing their use. What is a derivative?Derivative is a numeral word which refers to a variable, which has been draw outd from another variable and they have no mensurates of their own. Derivatives derive th eir value from the value of some other asset, which is referred as the underlying.For instance, a derivative of the shares of AT T Corporation (underlying), will derive its value from the share price (value) of AT T Corporation. Likewise, a derivative peg down on stubble depends upon the price of wheat.An agreement or an picking to cloud or sell the underlying asset of the derivative up to a certain time in the emerging at a predetermined price i.e. the exercise price by way of special contract is go to bedn as derivative contract.The contract also has a flat expiry period mostly in the range of 3 to 12 calendar months from the date of origination of the contract. The price of the underlying asset and the expiry period of the contract determine the value of the contract.Financial derivatives comp hold waters of underlying financial asset like currency, debt instruments, equity shares, share price index etc. alternate-traded derivatives are derivative contracts that has been standardized and traded on the stock exchanges. Over-the counter derivatives is one which has been customized as per the requirements of the user by negotiating with the other party involved.Some of the common forms of derivatives are Futures, Forwards and Options. FuturesFutures are the derivative contracts that give the holder the rule to bribe or sell the underlying asset at a pre- undertake price some time in the near future and usually thy come with standardized form like contract size, dictated expiry time and price.The future market is one where continues auction market and exchanges presenting the recent information about(predicate) the supply and get hold of as regards to individual commodities or financial instruments like stocks . In other words, future market is one where buyers and sellers of variety of commodities, financial instruments get together to trade. The main aim of the future market is to manage price risk.The future price risk is averted by buying or se lling futures contract, with a price level arrived at this instant, for items to be delivered in future. This is achieved by hedging which helps to shield against the risk of an adverse price change in the near future or use of futures to lock in an unobjectionable margin between their purchase and their selling price.In futures, bankers, farmers, bargainers, manufacturers will arrange for the purchase or change of a futures contract. In future market, commodities are broken down into five categories namely agriculture, metallurgical, touch on bearingassets, jndexes and alien currency.Agricultural futures market includes oats, corn , wheat , soybeans , soy meal ,soyoil,sunf pooh-pooh oil ,cattles , live hogs and pork bellies, quality , plywood ,cotton, coffee, cocoa, rice, orange juice and sugar. For all one of these commodities, different contract months are available and it depends upon the garner cycle. More aggressively traded commodities usually have more contract mon ths available and a new caseful of contract is available almost every month to meet the growing institutional and corporate market.Futures on Metallurgical ProductsPetroleum products and metals is being covered under this group and it includes platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, gasoline, crude oil, propane and heating oil. Every month a new type of contract emerges to cater the needs of ever increasing institutional and corporate market.Assets which bears interest This has its origin during 1975 and products in these categories include treasury bonds, Treasury Bills, Municipal Bonds, Treasury Notes and Eurodollar deposits. It is also realizable to trade contracts with the identical maturity but different expected interest rate differentials.Futures on advocatores today futures are available on most chief indexes such as New York blood substitute Composite, SP 500, New York Stock Exchange Utility index, Russell 2000, Commodity Research Bureau (CRB), SP 400 Midcap, FT-Se 100 Index (London) and Value line. These stock index features are settled in cash and there is no speech communication of goods is involved in this method. A trader has to settle his positions by buying or selling an offsetting position or in cash at expiration.Foreign Currency FuturesDuring the post war period, the exchange rates and interest rates were stable and the mechanism of frozen exchange rates of the Bretton Woods era enabled the corporations to know in advance their foreign exchange liabilities for their imports.But the collapse of Bretton Woodss system subsequently the war resulted in the introduction of general rootless exchange rates replacing the earlier placed system. The introduction of blow exchange rates have resulted in large unexpected movements in exchange rates that too in unforeseen directions and magnitudes which affected interest rate movements as the monetary presidential term tried to influence the exchange rates by movements in interest rates. It is to be noted that the frontwards market in currencies is much bigger than the foreign exchange futures market. Further, there are cross currency futures that are being traded and these includes Deutsch mark / yen, Deutsch mark / French franc. Forwards OptionsForward is another form of a derivative contract but tailored to the needs of the user in terms of expiry date, contract size, and price.These contracts confer the holder the survival of the fittest to buy or sell the under lying at a pre-determined price some time in the future .Call picking is one where the buyer has given his option to buy the underlying at the near future .Where as an option to sell the underlying at a specified price in the future is called as Put Option. As regards to the option contract, the buyer is not obliged to exercise the option contract. Generally, options can be traded on the stock exchange or on the OTC.In option, the participants may assume a position in an underlying futures contract at a certain price which is known as exercise or strike price indoors a particular period of time. The price or premium of the option is determined through action market trading. SwapsSwaps contract was introduced in 1981 and can be considered as one of the latest financial innovations to manage financial risks. The contracting parties are obliged to exchange specified cash flows at specified intervals under a trade in contract. In a nutshell, a swap contract can be delimit as a series of forward contracts put together. If the exchange of interest rate payments in one currency for payments in another currency is devised, then it amounts to a currency swap.If the exchange between two parties of interest obligations or receipts in the same currency on an concord amount of conceptional principal for an agreed period of time is devised, then it is known as interest rate swap. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest payments calculated on differen t bases over a period of time. Under interest rate swap, one party to the contract makes fixed rate payments while the other partys payments are based on a floating rate such as LIBOR.For instance, if a company which has borrowed from a bank at a floating rate (7 m LIBOR) may want to swap that for a fixed rate (7m LIBOR) so that they can cover the risk if the interest rates go up. On one side, they pay 7% (of the agreed notional principal) and receive 7m LIBOR and on the other side they pay 7m LIBOR straight out to repay their loan. consequently they have converted a floating rate loan into a fixed rate loan.The express bank may manages its own risk from the preceding(prenominal) swap transaction by backing it out with another swap , say by paying 6.95% for 7m LIBOR and and then they earn a profit of 0.5% going thus avoiding the risk in the interest rate changes .The other different types of interest rate swap areBasis swap For instance, swapping 2m LIBOR for 4m LIBOR. Basic sw aps are mostly used by mortgage companies because the get the mortgage payments on monthly basis.Both fixed Currency Swap Both fixed and say fixed $ for fixed Both floating currency swap 2m $ LIBOR for 4 m Yen LIBOR. stain Currency Swap fixed for 2m CHF LIBOR.Companies derive more flexibility to exploit their comparative advantage in their respective borrowing markets under currency swaps. Under interest rate swap, corporations try to focus on their comparative advantage in borrowing in a single currency in the bunco end of the maturity spectrum vs. the persistent end of the maturity spectrum. USES OF DERIVATIVESDerivatives are mainly used for speculation or hedging. For speculation, derivatives offer us leverage.For instance, instead of buying 5Million bond in the anticipation that its price will rise up, one can buy an option on that bond, which might only cost 2000. The profit chances or opportunities are the same less the price of the option but the risk is much less as th e most we can loose in this deal is the option price ( 2000).For hedging, derivatives let you to seal the price now for a trade in future or at least limits the rise or fall of that price. An UK company holding a US bond which is on the verge of its maturity could buy an interest rate option to guarantee the dollar / sterling rate did not diminish the value of its bond.Volatility is regarded as the most precise measure of risk and its return. The greater the volatility, the greater the risk and the honour as it is evidenced in the transaction from bull to bear markets. It is to be observed in the bearish market, volatility and risk augment while returns disappear including short selling returns. HistoryThe very branch exchange for trading derivatives started by Royal Exchange in London, which allowed forward contract. Likewise, the world-class future contract was introduced to Yodoya rice market in Osaka, Japan in 1650. Then in 1848, Chicago Board of apportion was started to han dle futures market of US.Russell judicious, a famous New York financier introduced synthetic loans using the principle of put-call parity. Sage could able to create a synthetic loan by fixing the put, call and strike prices with interest rate poignantly higher than the US usury law permitted.Chicago Mercantile Exchange started global Monetary market place in 1972 which permitted trading in currency futures. The Chicago Board of distribute started first interest rate futures in 1975.Treasury bill futures contract was introduced in 1975 by Merc.The Chicago Board Options Exchange was started in 1973 and there were publications for the first time option pricing model of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes. Chicago Board Options Exchange created an option on an index of stocks which was originally known as CBOE 100 index which later known as SP 100.During 1980, Swaps and other over-the counter derivatives were introduced. It was in 1994, the derivative trade witnessed a series of Brobdi ngnagian losses and this affected experienced trading firms like Metallgesellschaft and Procter and Gamble. Orange country, California which is the Americas wealthiest urban c insert was declared as bankruptcy due to derivative trading and use of leverage in a portfolio of short -term Treasury securities.DERIVATIVES OR DESTRUCTIVE? A CASE STUDY OF BARINGS, UK.discovery Brothers, a British merchant bank went to bankruptcy in 1995 after incurring a whooping loss of 860 million occurred on the Singapore and Osaka derivative exchanges. Nick Leeson, the banks star trader and absence of management controls to varan his activities were the main reasons for this debacle. During the period between 1992 and 1995, Lesson built up positions in futures and options contracts on the Nikkei 225 stock exchange index, which proved highly profitable in the early years.Futures positions were bought by Lesson on the Nikkei index and financed cash calls on them as they beastly in value by selling pu t options on the contract, thereby producing a pasture and thus betting against volatility of the market. Simex derivative exchange in Singapore were used to book the contracts and he run a hedged position on Nikkei index futures and make money by arbitraging between Singapore and Osaka markets.However he ceased hedging on the purchases made in Singapore and took on risk. collectable to unexpected volatility in the market, losses were incurred and these losses in fact exceeded the net worth of stave offing Bank .Lesson was later imprisoned for the falsification of records in an attempt to cover up his activities.The rationale of this case law is to elucidate how a bank can face bankruptcy if there is no decent risk management system is in force. The case also establishes the concept of value at risk (VAR) which is a simple method to express the risk of a portfolio. Because of the recent derivatives disasters, end-users, regulators, financial institutions and central bankers are now resorting to VAR as a method to foster stability in financial markets .The case illustrates how VAR could have been utilized to Baring Bank case to warn its management of the risk they were approach in advance. VOLATILITYVolatility has its effect on administered market and it is high when both supply and demand are inelastic and liable to random shocks. According to Rudiger Dornbusch, market always overshoots in reaction to unexpected changes in economic variables.Volatility is a type of market incompetence and it is a reaction to dubiety and excessive volatility is unreasonable.Volatility in stock and commodity market is represented by needlelike changes in prices and inventory levels and level of volatility itself has fluctuated over the time. Changes in future prices, spot prices and inventories are influenced by changes in volatilityVolatility is a determinant of changes in price expressed in component terms without regard to direction especially in stock price and stock index levels , commodities and in financial intermediaries .For example , an increase from 200 to 201 in one index is as same as the volatility terms to an increase in 100 to 101 in another index , because both changes are 1% and as this 1% increase is equal to volatility terms to a 1 % price decline .There are four ways to explain the volatility or movement and they are historical volatility , future volatility , expected volatility and implied volatility .Historical volatility is an authenticator of actual price variation during a particular period in the past. Future volatility refers annualized standard deviation of daily returns during particular future period basically between current and an option expiration. pass judgment volatility is an investors forecast of volatility utilized in an option method to gauge the notional value of an option. Implied volatility is the volatility percentage that illustrates the current market price of an option and it is the indicant of an o ptions price.Volatility is described as standard deviation of the yield of an asset and the value of an option always increases with volatility. The greater the volatility, the higher the option chance during its life and convertible to the underlying asset at a marginal profit and this methodology has been proved in the Black-Scholes formula. Black-scholes formula yield results during trends and unsuccessful when the market change sign. The implied volatilities are efficient forecasts of future volatility since varying market conditions cause volatilities to change through time stochastically and traditional volatilities can not correct itself to varying market conditions as blue .Stochastic volatility contradicts the assumption required by the Black-Scholes model if volatilities do modify stochastically through fleck in time, the Black-Scholes method is no longer the correct pricing method and an implied volatility derived from the Black-Scholes formula provides no fresh informa tion.Black-Scholes formula is lacking on certain issues like the oblique volatilities of various options on the uniform stock tend to differ disregarding the formulas hypothesize that a single stock can be correlated with only one value of implied volatility. The Black-Scholes formula mainly ignores the distribution of stock prices in US market. Some studies have revealed severe deviation from the price process fundamental to Black-Scholes formula like excess kurtosis, skewness, time varying volatilities and serial correlation. Further Black scholes deals with stochastic volatility poorly and it relies on aerial assumption that market dickers endlessly thereby ignoring institutional constraints and transaction costs. Stock ChartingStock charting is the process of a graphical sequence record enables it easier to dapple the effect of cardinal happenings on authoritarian securitys price., its functioning over a period of time and whether its trading its higher or its lower or in betw een these.Traders are very particular in daily, intraday data to forecast short price movements. Investors rely on weekly and monthly charts to mark long term trends and movements. Line chart, Bar chart, undersidedlestick Chart and point and figure chart are some of the examples of stock charting method. Arithmetic and semi-log arithmetic subdues are two methods of price scaling used in the stock charting method.When the price range is hemmed inside a tight range and used in general for short-term charts and trading. Semi-log scales are useful for long term charts to estimate the percentage movements over a foresighted period of time including large movements. Stock and other securities are estimated in relative terms through tools lime PE, Price/Revenues and Price/ retain and as such it will be more useful to analyse in percentage terms. OcillatorThis is an indicator which is calculated by taking 10 day moving average of the difference between the be of advancing and defining issues for authoritarian given index. An indicator will reflect whether an index is gaining or losing impetus, so the size of the moves is more significant than the level of the current reading. The level of the reading is influenced by how the oscillator changes each day thereby dropping a value ten days ago and adding todays value.The scale in moves is also helpful when it is compared with the divergence from the index price. If the Dow climaxes at the same time, the oscillator peaks in overbought area and suggests a top. Divergence is utter to be negative and momentum is declining when index makes a new high but the oscillator fails to make a higher .One can buy if the index declines at this point but oscillator moves into oversold territory. If the oscillator rises above a previous overbought level though the index rises but does not make new heights, it is said to be upside momentum exists to continue the rally. SupportA support level is the price at which buyers are anticipat ed to enter the market in considerable numbers to take control from sellers. As the market has its track record, when price falls to a new low and then soars, the buyers who ignored on the first low will be persuaded to buy if price returns to that level back .Fearing of missing out the opportunity for the second time, these traders may enter into market in adequate numbers to take control from sellers. As the result, there is a rally strengthening sensitivity that price is unlikely to fall further thereby creating a support level. ResistanceThe price level at which the sellers are anticipated to enter the market in sizeable numbers to take control from buyers is known as resistance level. If price makes a new High and then move back, sellers who ignored the previous High will be predisposed to sell when price returns to that level back. Fearing of missing the opportunity for the second time, these sellers may enter the market in large numbers to overwhelm buyers. As the result, mar ket perception will be reinforce that price is unlikely to increase higher and form a resistance level. CANDLE CHARTINGIt is a price chart that shows the open, low, the high and cultivation for a stock each day over a specified period of time .It is known as Japanese atomic number 48s because they used to analyse the price of rice contracts. When the close is higher than the open , the same is represented by an white empty box in the wick charting .When the close is lower than the open , then it is represented by a solid black candle ,Colored candles are used to reflect the days volume. Investment strategies in stock and optionsFollowing is the most of common investment strategies for keeping investment objectives, financial means and risk tolerance. Despite of market interrupt in 1929, market break in 1987, market correction in 1989 and though the prices of all securities fell down drastically but broad movement of the market has seen their value steadily increased. One of the strategies is to buy and hold for long the high quality stocks or futures of stock or commodities .The buy and-hold dodge offers one to profit from this long term forward trend of the stock market. Further, dividend investment plan offers small investors a painless method of building wealth.Dollar Cost AveragingThis is also a long term strategy and one has to invest in a stock or mutual fund or futures at regular intervals monthly, quarterly or semiannually. The success of dollar-cost averaging relies on consistency of amount invested and the regularity of the payments so as to minimize pricing and timing risk. The success of the Dollar cost averaging depends upon the following factors.The plan for the investment should be for a long period i.e. from 7 years to 10 years .In the last 100 years, there were about 40 recessions or market corrections or a downturn about every 3 years and If one carry on to invest through about three of these corrections, the profits of dollar-cost averag ing tend to be maximized.2 .Investment at regular intervals is most preferred.Investment should be made on a regular basis regardless of the price of the stock.Give preference to high quality of stocks or mutual funds and a company or fund with history of habitual dividend payments and possible for capital appreciation is a meliorate choice.One has to make sure that he has enough strength so that he can rive to the plan through highs and lows and sell out at the peak and thus the money allocated for dollar-cost averaging result in wealth-building funds, not committed funds.i Going ShortAn investor who prefers short i.e. enters into futures contract by agreeing to sell and deliver the underlying at a price and wishes to make profit from declining price levels and thereby selling high now , the contract can be repurchased in the future at a lesser price thus creating a profit for the investor.16.Spreads It involve taking benefit of the price difference between two different contract s of the same commodity and pervadeing is believed to be the most conventional forms of trading in the futures market because it is much safer than the trading long / short futures contract. There are different types of spread namely calendar spread, inter-exchange spread and inter-market spread. Swing callingIt denotes a technique of placing emphasis on playing the swings in the PPS, selling on the highs and buying on the lows rather than the swiftness of the trade. To complete the swing trade, it may need more than a day, a week or authoritarian month or longer period and channeling stock is prosecute by the some swing traders. FlippingIt refers the process of trading a stock very quickly with in minutes or hours etc as past as possible may be on the same day. It is often used to explain a buy and sell with a share that is running and where the trader buys the stock as it is moving up and sells the same on even a higher point in a short period of time. A flipper aim is to maxim ize his profits by emphasizing on fast trades to earn quick profits. The risk is also less downside as the trader sits in a stock for a less time.i Hall, Alvin D., and Carolyn M. Brown. Investment Strategies Made Easy Heres How to Overcome Your Fears of the foodstuff and Invest like a Pro. Black Enterprise Mar. 1994 66+.2.Fisher, Black and Myron Scholes, The pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities The ledger of Political Economy, 81,637-654.3.Mackay, Charles. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds New York, Harmony Books (1980).4.Chance .Don M. A Chronology of Derivatives Derivative Quarterly, 2 (winter, 1955) 53-60.5.Thomas L. Friedman ,The foundation Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-first CenturyStephen Leeb, Glen Strathy ,The Coming Economic Collapse How You Can Thrive When Oil Costs $200 a Barrel7.George A. Fontanills, Tom Gentile The Volatility syllabus8.George Soros, Paul A. Volcker The Alchemy of Finance (Wiley Investment Classics)9.John C. Hu ll Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (6th Edition)10.Marc Allaire ,The Options Strategist11. 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